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Languages: Hindi

Devanagri / Qwerty Key Map

Devanagri pronunciation

Table of Hindi affixes

Hindi vocabulary

अ, आ, इ, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ए,

ऐ, ओ, औ, क, ख, ग, घ,

ङ, च, छ, ज, झ, ट, ठ,

ड, ढ, त, थ, द, ध, न,

प, फ, ब, भ, म, य, र,

ल, व, श, ष, स, ह

Legend

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Legend

Adj	Adjective
Adv	Adverb
Bold	When an English rendering is more common than others for a Hindi word, I have bolded the more common rendering.
C	Causitive Verb
Conj	Conjunct
F	Feminine Noun
I	Intransitive Verb
Id	Idiom
LT	Literary Title
M	Masculine Noun
MF	Masculine/Feminine Noun
PN	Personal Name
PP	Past Participle
Pr	Pronoun
Pref	Prefix
Sfx	Suffix
SW	Sanskrit Word
T	Transitive Verb

Affixes

Conversion Rules

Nouns that express relationship such as पिता (father) and राजा (king) do not change their endings for the plural or oblique forms
Marked adjectives change to plural even if the modified noun has no plural form when a plural is intended
Marked masculine with ँ carries the nasal sound to the ए
- कुआँ becomes कुएँ
When two animate, non-human nouns are modified by an adjective, the adjective is plural
Adjectives which end in आ and do not change:
- बद़िया: Good, excellent
- ज़्याढा: Extra, too much
- घटिया: Low quality
- अधिक: Too much

Noun Endings

Case, transformation	Marked Masculine	Unmarked Masculine	Marked Feminine	Unmarked Feminine
Direct, plural nouns	आ > ए	NC	ई > इयाँ	+ एँ
Oblique singular	आ > ए	NC	NC	NC
Oblique plural	आ > ओं	+ ओं	+ ओं	+ ओं
Vocative plural	आ > ओ	ओ	ओ	ओ

मय turns a noun into an adjective. E.g. भोगमय = भोग (enjoyment) + #2350;य (able) = enjoyable (?)

Adjective Endings

Case	Masculine Singular	Masculine Plural	Feminine Singular	Feminine Plural
Direct	आ	ए	ई	ई
Oblique (singular)	ए	Only marked adjectives change, and only when modifying a masculine noun (marked or unmarked). Kumar says it then becomes a participle.
Oblique (plural)	NC	NC	NC
Vocative	आ	ए	Feminine forms 'अच्छी' don't change with number and case (4.218)

Suffixes sorted by ending

Ending	Add to	Meaning
आ or ा	Noun, verb	Creates a perfect tense or perfect participle Changes a verbstem into a masculine noun
आई	Noun	Form's plural Changes a verb stem into a feminine noun
आत्मक		A Sanskrit suffix meaning imbued with, steeped in, full of, concerned with -- Devadatta says perhaps essential nature?
आना	Noun, Adj, Pronoun	Changes a noun, adjective, or pronoun into an adjective, verb, or another noun -- see ना
आवट	Verb	Changes a verb stem into a feminine noun
आहट		Forms a feminine abstract noun
इक	Noun	Changes a noun to an adjective. Vowel changes may accompany this suffix.
इक		Forms an adjective
इत		Forms an adjective
इयाना	Noun	Changes a noun into a verb
ई or ी	Verb, Adj, Nouns	Perfect or perfect participle, changes: An adjective into a noun A noun into an adjective A noun into another noun A noun into a feminine noun usually indicating a profession A masculine noun into a feminine noun that is its dimutive form "--ation:" A verb stem into an abstract feminine noun Note: an ending आ may be dropped
ईं	Verb	Perfect or perfect participle
ईन or ीन	Noun	Changes a noun into an adjective denoting "having"
ईय	Noun, Adj, Pronoun	Changes a noun into an adjective
ऊँ	Verb	Subjunctive
ए + गा	Verb	Future
ए or े	Noun, Adj, Verb	Nouns and adjectives: Sinngular marked masculine becomes plural Singular marked masculine direct becomes oblique: Subjunctive tense can be used as an adjective -- an "ing" verb
एँ	Noun	Transforms unmarked feminine singular to plural
एँ + गे	Verb	Future "will"and presumptive "must be"
एन		Forms an adverb
ऐतर		Sanskrit word that literally means "the other." Used as a suffix, it turns a word into its opposite. For example, धर्मेतर (धर्म -- religion ऐतर -- other) = non-religious.
ओ or ो	Verb	Subjunctive Plural vocative nouns
ओं or ों	Noun	Oblique plural of a masculine noun Added to a small cardinal number it means "all" as in: दोनों (both) तीनों (all three) Added to larger numbers it conveys an indefinite plurality as in: सैंकड़ों (hundreds) हज़ारों (thousands)
क		Forms an adjective
कर	Verb	Conjoins two verbs -- Generally translated as an ing verb. Thus, जाकर... लिया = while going, he took Sometimes transforms a preceding adjective into a verb
कार		Forms agent nouns from nominal stems
कालीन		Suffix denoting relationship to time, pertaining to time, timely, old, ancient, seasonable
के	Conjunction, Postposition	Masculine plural possessive postposition Conjoins two verbs - Generally translated as an ing verb. Thus, करके... लिया = while making, he took
खाना	Noun	Changes a noun into another noun denoting "abode, house of"
गुना	Number	Makes a number multiplicative. E.g. दुगुना = "two times." Note the change in दो.
ठो	Number	Almost (that number)
त		Forms an adjective
त:	Adv	Creates an adverb from a noun or adjective
तम	Adj	Creates a superlative from an adjective -est
तया	Adv	Creates an adverb from a noun or adjective
तर	Adj	Creates a superlative from an adjective -er
ता	Verb, adjective	Present habitual with present tense होना Past habitual with past tense होना Imperfect participle with perfect particple होना Sometimes signals conditional (if it had happened) (2.195) -ness; Changes an adjective into an abstract feminine noun which can be either singular or plural
ती	Verb Adj	Present/past habitual Sometimes signals conditional (if it had happened) (2.195) Can replace ान in a male adjective to create a female adjective (4.220)
तीं	Verb	Sometimes signals conditional (if it had happened) (2.195)
ते [+ हुए]	Verb	Imperfect participle: "While doing" Sometimes signals conditional (if it had happened) (2.195) statements With a measure of time, can indicate the passage of time since beginning or completion of an action: "It has been" Can be used as an adjective -- an "ing" verb
तौर से	Adv	Creates an adverb from an adjective
त्व	Noun or Adj	Changes noun or adjective into an abstract masculine noun
तर	Adj	Creates a superlative from an adjective -er
ता	Verb, adjective	Present habitual with present tense होना Past habitual with past tense होना Imperfect participle with perfect particple होना Sometimes signals conditional (if it had happened) (2.195) -ness; Changes an adjective into an abstract feminine noun which can be either singular or plural
ती	Verb Adj	Present/past habitual Sometimes signals conditional (if it had happened) (2.195) Can replace ान in a male adjective to create a female adjective (4.220)
तीं	Verb	Sometimes signals conditional (if it had happened) (2.195)
ते [+ हुए]	Verb	Imperfect participle: "While doing" Sometimes signals conditional (if it had happened) (2.195) statements With a measure of time, can indicate the passage of time since beginning or completion of an action: "It has been" Can be used as an adjective -- an "ing" verb
तौर से	Adv	Creates an adverb from an adjective
त्व	Noun or Adj	Changes noun or adjective into an abstract masculine noun
था	Verb	Perfect
दान	Noun	Changes a noun into another noun, masculine in gender
दार	Noun	Changes a noun into another noun or an adjective. Vowel changes may accompany this suffix. Means something or someone possessing or characterized by a quality or thing.
ना	Noun, Adj, Pronoun	Changes a noun, adjective, or pronoun into a verb. Added to a noun which sounds like what it represents, creates a verb which means to produce the sound. E.g. भन भन = humming or buzzing. भनभनाना to hum or buzz. आ often but not always joins the suffix to the noun.
नाक	Noun	Changes a noun into an adjective denoting "full of." Vowel changes may accompany this suffix.
ने	Verb	Added to stem, translates as infinitive. आने = "to come." Sometimes it can be translated as an ing verb as in "coming."
पन	Adj	Changes an adjective into an abstract masculine noun
पर	Adv	Creates an adverb from an adjective
परक		Pertaining to
पूर्ण	Noun	Creates an adjective from a noun and denotes full.
पूर्वक	Noun	Creates an adverb from a noun or adjective
प्रियता		Lovability, beloved, being fond of
बाज़	Noun	Changes a noun into another noun or adjective. Vowel changes sometimes accompany this suffix.
भर	Noun	Follows a noun to create an adverb suggesting completeness
मन्द	Noun	Changes a noun into an adjective denoting "having."
मय		Denotes fulness
मान	Noun	Changes a noun into an adjective
यँगी	Verb	Future; 3rd person, feminine, plural
यँगे	Verb	Future
युक्त	Noun	-full: Changes a noun into an adjective expressing presence of something.
यों	Noun	Plural oblique form of femine noun
रहित	Noun	-less: Changes a noun into an adjective expressing absence of something
रूप से	Adv	Creates an adverb from a noun or adjective
वाँ	Number	Creates an ordinal from a cardinal number
वाड़ा		Place, dwelling place, quarter, ward, region, territory
वान	Noun	Changes a noun into an adjective
वान्	Noun	Changes a noun into an adjective
वाला	Noun, adjective, adverb, verb	With a noun, indicates that the person or thing is associated with or characterized by the noun to which the suffix is added With an adjective, singles out a person or thing from a group Changes an adverb into an adjective With a verb: Characterizes a person as the doer of the action Indicates that the action is about to occur
वें	Number	Converts a cardinal number to an ordinal number (except 1-4 and 6)
श्री	Noun	Denotes sense of good.
सा or सी	Noun, Adj	With nouns, like or similar to With adjectives: "-ish," "sort of," "rather" indicates a similarity that is approximate or diminished With quantitative adjectives, intensifies the quantity.
स्थ		Connotes a notion of fixed, present, residing, engaged, inclined, somewhat like वाला, it often resolves to possessive. E.g. शरीरस्थ = body शरीर + स्थ 's.
हट	Verb	Changes a verb stem into an abstract feminine noun
हरा	Number	Fold, e.g. दोहरा = two-fold

Affixes that occur within a word

Ending	solid windowtext .5pt; Type of Word Tranformed	solid windowtext .5pt; Meaning
आ	Verb	Turns a verb into a transitive verb
वा	Verb	Turns a verb into a causative verb

Prefixes

Ending	Type of Word Tranformed	Meaning
अ	Noun or Adj	Non-, un-, in-, -less: This prefix denotes not, without, or lacking
अन	Adj	Un-, in-, im-, dis-, -less: Changes a noun into an adjective and denotes negation
अनु		After, similar, again, along, in regards to
अप	Noun	Dis-, in-; bad: Changes a noun into another noun and denotes something bad or lacking
कु	Noun	Un-, ill-, mis-; bad: Changes a noun into another noun or adjective and denotes
ख़ुश	Noun	Good, happy: Changes nouns into adjectives
ग़ैर	Noun or Adj	Not, without: Changes an adjective or nount into another adjective or noun and can denote something that is against, un-related, or foreign.
ता	Noun	Changes an adjective into a noun or adjective and denotes something bad, defective, evil, or unworthy
ते	Verb
दुर्	Noun or Adj	Mis-, ill-, bad: Changes a noun or an adjective into another noun or adjective and denotes something bad, wrong, or lacking.
नर		Designates a word as masculine in gender
ना	Noun or Adj	Un-, dis-, in-: Changes a noun or adjective into an adjective and denotes "not"or "without
नि	Noun	Un-, less-: Changes nouns into adjectives and denotes "not having"or "without"
निः	?	Negates
निर्	Noun	Un-, less-: Changes nouns into adjectives and denotes "not having"or "without"
परा		Away, forward, off, aside, along, on, ultra, best
पुनः	Noun	Re-
पुनर्	Noun	Re-: Changes a noun into another noun denoting something done again/anew.
ब	Noun	With, by, according to: Changes nouns into adverbs
बद	Noun	Un-, in-, dis-, bad: Changes a noun into an adjective or noun denoting something bad or unpleasant
बा	Noun	With, by, according to: Changes nouns into adjectives or adverbs
बे	Noun	Un-, -less, without: Changes a noun into an adjective denoting lack of something
म		Replaces the initial consonant in an word to form an "echo word" which intensivies the meaning of the first word (Jain, 1, 230).
माधा		Designates a word as feminine in gender
ला	Noun	In-, un-: Changes a noun into an adjective denoting "not"or "without
व	Noun	Replaces the initial consonant in an word to form an "echo word" which broadens the meaning of the first word (Jain, 1, 230).
श्री	Noun	Denotes sense of good.
स	Noun	With, full of, -ful Changes a noun into an adjective and denotes "with" or "together with"
सम		With; very; wholly; complete
सु	Noun or Adj	Good, well-: Changes a noun or adjective into another noun or adjective
स्व	Noun	Self-: changes a noun into another noun and denotes something that is one's own
स्वरूप	Noun	Changes a noun into an adjective meaning "in the form of" or "in the nature of," "like
स्ह	Noun	Co-: changes a noun into another noun and denotes with, together with, same, or similar
हम	Noun	Co-, similar, equal: Changes a noun into a noun or an adjective denoting "with," "together with," or "something in common or shared."